Politics Ledger · Middle East & North Africa
Egypt
Electoral autocracyPresidential republicUnitary
LightDark
In charge
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
President
Time in power
12.4 yrs
since 2014
Government seats
68%
majority
Next national vote
2030-03
Presidential
Governance score
18/100
composite of five indices
Egypt, the Arab world's most populous nation, has been ruled by military-backed presidents since the 1952 Free Officers' coup, with a brief democratic opening after the 2011 revolution ended by the 2013 coup.
Leadership
Who Governs Egypt
Head of state
Holds executive powerAbdel Fattah el-Sisi
President
Since 8 June 2014 · 12.4 years
Age 72 (born 1954)ManRoute to power: won a popular election
Head of government
Mostafa Madbouly
Prime Minister
Since 7 June 2018 · 8.4 years
Age 60 (born 1966)ManRoute to power: appointed
Ruling coalition
Pro-government National List led by Nation's Future (Mostaqbal Watan)
Main opposition
Small licensed parties; the Muslim Brotherhood is banned as a terrorist organisation
Last national election
By December 2025
House of Representatives
Pro-government parties swept the vote amid low turnout and reported vote-buying; some results annulled and rerun.
Next national election
By March 2030
Presidential
Cabinet reshuffled on 10 February 2026.
Recent changes (last 12 months)
Parliament
House of Representatives
Seat distribution (Elected late 2025, seated January 2026), ordered from economic left to right.
| Party | Ideology | Seats | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nation's Future Party (MW) | Pro-government, Statism | 227 | governing |
| Independents (IND) | Independent | 103 | confidence |
| Other parties and presidential appointees (OTH) | Various | 89 | opposition |
| Homeland Defenders Party (HW) | Pro-government | 87 | coalition |
| National Front Party (NF) | Pro-government | 65 | coalition |
| Republican People's Party (RPP) | Pro-government | 25 | coalition |
Ideology
Party Landscape
Each party placed on economic and social axes, sized by seats.
Institutions
The System
- Official name
- Arab Republic of Egypt
- Capital
- Cairo
- Population
- 108 million
- Statehood
- Independence 1922; republic 1953; Constitution 2014 (amended 2019)
- System
- Presidential republic
- Structure
- Unitary
- Current constitution
- 2014
- Legislature
- Parliament
- Lower / sole chamber
- House of Representatives (596 seats)
- Upper chamber
- Senate (300)
- Electoral system
- Mixed: closed party lists (winner-takes-all) and individual seats; 28 presidential appointees.
- Term limits
- President: two six-year terms, with a one-off extension that lets Sisi serve to 2030.
Sources
- National Elections Authority
- Ahram Online
- EIU Democracy Index 2024; Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2025; RSF World Press Freedom Index 2025; Transparency International CPI 2024; IPU Parline, 2026; V-Dem v15 Liberal Democracy Index (approximate five-year readings)
Last verified 2026-10-29. Party placements are editorial estimates.
Data as of 2026-10-29.