Politics Ledger · Europe
Netherlands
Liberal democracyConstitutional monarchyUnitary
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Netherlands parliamentary seats — snapshot dated Elected 29 October 2025 (1 year ago). Curated data may lag the live series. View data sources.
In charge
Rob Jetten
Prime Minister
Time in power
0.7 yrs
since 2026
Government seats
44%
minority
Next national vote
2029-10
General
Governance score
89/100
composite of five indices
Born in revolt against Spain, the Dutch Republic pioneered commercial republicanism and religious toleration. The modern kingdom built a "pillarised" consensus democracy that has fractured into one of Europe's most fragmented party systems.
Leadership
Who Governs Netherlands
Head of state
Willem-Alexander
King
Since 30 April 2013 · 13.5 years
Age 59 (born 1967)ManRoute to power: hereditary
Head of government
Holds executive powerRob Jetten
Prime Minister · D66
Since 23 February 2026 · 0.7 years
Age 39 (born 1987)ManRoute to power: elected by parliament
Ruling coalition
Minority coalition of D66, VVD and CDA (66 of 150 seats)
Main opposition
Party for Freedom (PVV, Geert Wilders) and GroenLinks-PvdA
Last national election
29 October 2025
Snap general
D66 tied the PVV on 26 seats but won the most votes; Jetten became the youngest PM in Dutch history.
Next national election
By October 2029
General
Recent changes (last 12 months)
Parliament
House of Representatives
Seat distribution (Elected 29 October 2025), ordered from economic left to right.
| Party | Ideology | Seats | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democrats 66 (D66) | Social liberalism | 26 | governing |
| Party for Freedom (PVV) | Right-wing populism, Anti-Islam | 26 | opposition |
| People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) | Conservative liberalism | 22 | coalition |
| GroenLinks-PvdA (GL-PvdA) | Social democracy, Green politics | 20 | opposition |
| Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) | Christian democracy | 18 | coalition |
| Others (DENK, SGP, PvdD, CU, SP, 50PLUS, Volt) (OTH) | Various | 18 | opposition |
| JA21 (JA21) | Conservative liberalism | 9 | opposition |
| Forum for Democracy (FvD) | National conservatism | 7 | opposition |
| Farmer-Citizen Movement (BBB) | Agrarianism | 4 | opposition |
Ideology
Party Landscape
Each party placed on economic and social axes, sized by seats.
Institutions
The System
- Official name
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Capital
- Amsterdam (seat of government: The Hague)
- Population
- 18 million
- Statehood
- Dutch Republic 1581; Kingdom 1815; Constitution 1815 (revised 1848)
- System
- Constitutional monarchy
- Structure
- Unitary
- Current constitution
- 1815
- Legislature
- States General
- Lower / sole chamber
- House of Representatives (150 seats)
- Upper chamber
- Senate (75)
- Electoral system
- Nationwide list proportional representation with no formal threshold (one seat requires about 0.67%).
- Term limits
- None for the prime minister.
Sources
- Tweede Kamer
- Kiesraad
- EIU Democracy Index 2024; Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2025; RSF World Press Freedom Index 2025; Transparency International CPI 2024; IPU Parline, 2026; V-Dem v15 Liberal Democracy Index (approximate five-year readings)
Last verified 2026-10-29. Party placements are editorial estimates.
Data as of 2026-10-29.